The Orbis School Fee Structure for 2027-2028
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Tuition Fees | Quarterly | Amount: ₹12,650 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹50,000 |
Monthly Fee
₹4,217 per month
₹3,579 less than average in Pune*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Pre Nursery (Play Group) at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹4,217. Tuition Fees is ₹12,650 (Quarterly) and Admission Fees is ₹50,000 (Onetime).
₹50,600 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹50,000 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹1,00,600 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Tuition Fees
Quarterly
₹12,650
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹50,000
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount:NA |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50,600 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹50,000 |
Monthly Fee
₹4,221 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Nursery at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹4,221. PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹50,600 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹50,000 (Onetime).
₹50,650 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹50,000 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹1,00,650 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
NA
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹50,600
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹50,000
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount:NA |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹95,000 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹50,000 |
Monthly Fee
₹7,921 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for LKG at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹7,921. PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹95,000 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹50,000 (Onetime).
₹95,050 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹50,000 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹1,45,050 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
NA
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹95,000
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹50,000
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount:NA |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹95,000 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹50,000 |
Monthly Fee
₹7,921 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for UKG at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹7,921. PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹95,000 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹50,000 (Onetime).
₹95,050 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹50,000 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹1,45,050 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
NA
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹95,000
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹50,000
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount: ₹1,20,000 Refundable |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹1,19,600 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹9,960 |
Monthly Fee
₹9,971 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Class 1 at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹9,971. Caution Money is ₹1,20,000 (Onetime), PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹1,19,600 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹9,960 (Onetime).
₹1,19,650 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹9,960 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹2,49,610 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
₹1,20,000
Refundable
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹1,19,600
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹9,960
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount: ₹1,20,000 Refundable |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹1,19,600 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹9,960 |
Monthly Fee
₹9,971 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Class 2 at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹9,971. Caution Money is ₹1,20,000 (Onetime), PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹1,19,600 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹9,960 (Onetime).
₹1,19,650 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹9,960 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹2,49,610 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
₹1,20,000
Refundable
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹1,19,600
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹9,960
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount: ₹1,20,000 Refundable |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹1,19,550 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹9,960 |
Monthly Fee
₹9,967 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Class 3 at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹9,967. Caution Money is ₹1,20,000 (Onetime), PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹1,19,550 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹9,960 (Onetime).
₹1,19,600 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹9,960 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹2,49,560 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
₹1,20,000
Refundable
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹1,19,550
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹9,960
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount: ₹1,20,000 Refundable |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹1,19,600 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹9,960 |
Monthly Fee
₹9,971 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Class 4 at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹9,971. Caution Money is ₹1,20,000 (Onetime), PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹1,19,600 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹9,960 (Onetime).
₹1,19,650 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹9,960 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹2,49,610 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
₹1,20,000
Refundable
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹1,19,600
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹9,960
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount: ₹1,20,000 Refundable |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹1,19,650 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹9,960 |
Monthly Fee
₹9,975 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Class 5 at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹9,975. Caution Money is ₹1,20,000 (Onetime), PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹1,19,650 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹9,960 (Onetime).
₹1,19,700 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹9,960 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹2,49,660 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
₹1,20,000
Refundable
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹1,19,650
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹9,960
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount: ₹1,20,000 Refundable |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹1,19,939 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹9,990 |
Monthly Fee
₹9,999 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Class 6 at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹9,999. Caution Money is ₹1,20,000 (Onetime), PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹1,19,939 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹9,990 (Onetime).
₹1,19,989 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹9,990 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹2,49,979 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
₹1,20,000
Refundable
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹1,19,939
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹9,990
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount: ₹1,20,000 Refundable |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹1,19,939 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹9,990 |
Monthly Fee
₹9,999 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Class 7 at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹9,999. Caution Money is ₹1,20,000 (Onetime), PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹1,19,939 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹9,990 (Onetime).
₹1,19,989 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹9,990 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹2,49,979 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
₹1,20,000
Refundable
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹1,19,939
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹9,990
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount: ₹1,20,000 Refundable |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹1,19,939 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹9,990 |
Monthly Fee
₹9,999 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Class 8 at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹9,999. Caution Money is ₹1,20,000 (Onetime), PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹1,19,939 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹9,990 (Onetime).
₹1,19,989 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹9,990 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹2,49,979 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
₹1,20,000
Refundable
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹1,19,939
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹9,990
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount: ₹1,20,000 Refundable |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹1,21,000 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹10,080 |
Monthly Fee
₹10,088 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Class 9 at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹10,088. Caution Money is ₹1,20,000 (Onetime), PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹1,21,000 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹10,080 (Onetime).
₹1,21,050 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹10,080 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹2,51,130 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
₹1,20,000
Refundable
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹1,21,000
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹10,080
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount: ₹1,20,000 Refundable |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹1,21,000 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹10,080 |
Monthly Fee
₹10,088 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Class 10 at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹10,088. Caution Money is ₹1,20,000 (Onetime), PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹1,21,000 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹10,080 (Onetime).
₹1,21,050 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹10,080 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹2,51,130 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
₹1,20,000
Refundable
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹1,21,000
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹10,080
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount: ₹50,000 Refundable |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹1,35,000 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹11,250 |
Monthly Fee
₹11,254 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Class 11 at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹11,254. Caution Money is ₹50,000 (Onetime), PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹1,35,000 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹11,250 (Onetime).
₹1,35,050 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹11,250 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹1,96,300 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
₹50,000
Refundable
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹1,35,000
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹11,250
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount: ₹50,000 Refundable |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹80,000 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹6,660 |
Monthly Fee
₹6,671 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Class 11 at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹6,671. Caution Money is ₹50,000 (Onetime), PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹80,000 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹6,660 (Onetime).
₹80,050 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹6,660 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹1,36,710 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
₹50,000
Refundable
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹80,000
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹6,660
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount: ₹50,000 Refundable |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹80,000 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹6,660 |
Monthly Fee
₹6,671 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Class 11 at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹6,671. Caution Money is ₹50,000 (Onetime), PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹80,000 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹6,660 (Onetime).
₹80,050 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹6,660 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹1,36,710 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
₹50,000
Refundable
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹80,000
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹6,660
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount: ₹50,000 Refundable |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹1,35,000 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹11,250 |
Monthly Fee
₹11,254 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Class 12 at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹11,254. Caution Money is ₹50,000 (Onetime), PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹1,35,000 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹11,250 (Onetime).
₹1,35,050 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹11,250 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹1,96,300 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
₹50,000
Refundable
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹1,35,000
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹11,250
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount: ₹50,000 Refundable |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹80,000 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹6,660 |
Monthly Fee
₹6,671 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Class 12 at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹6,671. Caution Money is ₹50,000 (Onetime), PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹80,000 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹6,660 (Onetime).
₹80,050 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹6,660 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹1,36,710 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
₹50,000
Refundable
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹80,000
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹6,660
Talk to an admission expert -
| Fee Type | Payment Frequency | Fee Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Caution Money | Onetime | Amount: ₹50,000 Refundable |
| PTA Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹50 |
| Tuition Fees | Annually | Amount: ₹80,000 |
| Admission Fees | Onetime | Amount: ₹6,660 |
Monthly Fee
₹6,671 per month
*Includes recurring fees. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges, admission fees and caution money.
Summary
The estimated monthly cost for Class 12 at The Orbis School, Keshav Nagar, Pune is ₹6,671. Caution Money is ₹50,000 (Onetime), PTA Fees is ₹50 (Annually), Tuition Fees is ₹80,000 (Annually) and Admission Fees is ₹6,660 (Onetime).
₹80,050 per year
*Includes all recurring charges. Excludes one-time fees, optional charges and admission fees.
₹6,660 one time
*Given at the time of admission.
₹1,36,710 for 1st year
Talk to an admission expert
Our advisors are here to help you understand every charge and make a confident decision.
Fee Breakdown
Caution Money
Onetime
₹50,000
Refundable
PTA Fees
Annually
₹50
Tuition Fees
Annually
₹80,000
Admission Fees
Onetime
₹6,660
as a preferred source on